MAPK's are fairly simple, rather small signaling proteins found in the cytoplasm of the cell consisting of seven alpha helices, seven beta sheets and a single activation loop. Although there are many different types of MAPK their basic motif does not change much throughout all the different types. MAPKK's are designed in a similar way to MAPK. The MAPKK are a group of seven family members that all share the ability to phosporylate and activate the Thr-Xaa-Tyr motif in the activation loop of the MAPK. Although these seven family members differ slightly, they all have the same proline rich N-terminal and conserved kinase domain (Vitale et all, 2000).